After the industrial revolution the lifestyle and quality of living of human beings has been changed drastically and this caused an increase in the solid waste generation. as we are making our life more and more easier on the other hand we are polluting our earth like anything and in different forms. Solid waste is one of them.
To manage the solid waste and produce its adverse effect one act was passed in 1965 which is known as the solid waste disposal act (SWDA). The main aim of this act is to control solid waste disposal in a better way and set minimum safety requirements for landfills.
according to Britannica, “ solid waste management, the collecting, treating and disposing of solid material that is discarded because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful. improper disposal of municipal solid waste can create unsanitary conditions and these conditions in turn can lead to pollution of the environment and to outbreaks of Vector Borne Disease that is disease spread by rodents and insects.”
In other words, solid waste is that material which arises from human activities and which is normally discarded as useless or unwanted. We can say domestic trash, different types of garbage is generated from household work, metal scrap, plastic materials which can be used or thrown away after used are different types of solid waste. This solid waste is responsible for land pollution in different areas of our society irrespective of rural, urban or industrial.
Now we are going to discuss the different types of solid waste materials.
Organic wastes: garbage refers to the solid waste that contains organic matters which can be decomposed by the microorganism. this can be generated by different types of vegetables meat fish storage or preparation.Putrescible waste means a solid waste that contains organic matter capable of being decomposed by microorganisms so as to cause a malodor, gases, or other offensive conditions, or which is capable of providing food for birds and other vectors. Putrescible wastes may form a contaminated leachate from microbiological degradation, chemical processes, and physical processes. Putrescible waste includes, but is not limited to, garbage, offal, dead animals, general household waste, and commercial waste. All solid wastes which do not meet the definitions of inert or chemical wastes shall be considered putrescible wastes.
Rubbish: Rubbish Is the non-putrescible solid waste constituents either combustible or non combustible for example combustible waste includes all the rubbish that can be burnt like paper wood rubber leather etc. on the other hand the non combustible waste are the materials which cannot be burnt like metals glass-ceramics etc.
Toxic wastes: all the solid waste which can cause toxic environments when they are thrown away are known as toxic waste like Paints waste oil different types of chemicals praise fertilizers pesticides batteries medicines.
recyclable waste: these types of waste can be recycled and these are not going to harm our environment these are paper glass metals plastic.Indiscriminate disposal of solid waste especially of hazardous waste causes adverse Environmental effects and this not only pollutes the soil but also the air and water.
Different sources of solid waste
There are numerous sources of solid waste from which they are generated and everyday million tonnes of solid wastes are getting generated and disposed off. Below are some of the sources of solid waste.
Residential: residential places can be defined where people generally live and these are the main one of the main sources of solid waste. different types of food waste, plastic, paper, glass, leather, metal packing material electronic items, batteries, tyres etc we generally used to throw the solid waste and after that the beans are rendered by the Garbage collecting firm or the municipality.
Industrial: industries are also one of the biggest sources of solid waste. all types of industries like electrical industries, heavy machinery, Health Care, fabrication, hospitality, chemical factories petroleum Petro-Chemicals power plants and many more are generating solid wastes in huge quantity. all these types of industries are using food and facility Management which in turn are generating solid waste in the form of food waste, packaging waste, ashes, Constructions scrap materials,metals, plastic, housekeeping waste and different types of hazardous waste like medical, chemical, oil, Paints etc.
Institutional: institutional areas, school, college, hostels, development centers, government institution are also one of the sources of solid waste.
Health Care units: Healthcare units means different kinds of hospitals and nursing homes biomedical equipment manufacturing companies. Solid waste generated by these units is also very big. Some of the solid wastes include syringe bandages, gloves, drugs and medicines, plastic food waste Chemicals e waste and this contains different types of germs and disease carrying bacteria and viruses. Therefore, this biomedical hazardous wastes must be disposed of properly.
construction sites: different types of construction and demolition sites are creating used and heavy solid waste materials. During the construction renovation and demolition different types of Steel materials, metals, cement, rods, plastic, concrete, wood, rubber dirt are generated.
Municipal services:In big cities and Municipal areas, the municipal services are deployed to manage the solid waste and this contributes immensely to the solid waste crisis in most countries today. Street cleaning, waste from Parks & beaches, wastewater treatment, landscaping waste, waste from recreation areas including drainage systems are the main types of solid waste generated by the municipal services.
Therefore it is very much important how we manage solid waste and this is known as solid waste management. The main objective of solid waste management is to minimize adverse effects before it becomes too difficult to rectify in the future.
Here we will discuss some of the steps which can help us to manage the solid waste and save our environment from pollution.
Solid waste management should be embraced by each and every household including the business owners across the world.
Solid waste management process can be classified or divided into four steps:
Identification of solid waste:
Proper identification of solid waste helps to manage the waste properly. here we are talking about the garbage and the refuse. there should be different bins for garbage and refuse so that these can be identified from the initial stage.
Collection:
proper solid waste collection is important for the production of public health safety and environmental quality. now a days it is very much labour intensive activity but as the technology is moving fast new invention has been made to collect the garbages majorly the municipality or the private collectors are deployed to collect all the solid waste from different sectors like residential, industrial etc. a large number of dustbins must be provided to enable proper collection of solid waste according to the category.Door to door collection of domestic garbage is the most common and popular practice in India. ragpickers contribute to the waste management. they segregate recyclable materials from other waste and save the cost and time.
Transportation:
transportation of solid waste from urban areas to the dumping Grounds with the help of tractors, trucks etc. Driver and one or two load of each collection vehicle. driver and one or two loaders sir each collection vehicle. These trucks are generally enclosed type & loading can be done from the front or rear side.It is a challenging task to decide an optimized route from the collection centers to the dumping ground especially in large and densely populated cities.
Treatment & Disposal:
After the collection of the solid waste to reduce the volume and weight of the material the treatment and disposal is highly required. treatment is required to change the form of the waste so that it can be handled easily then the disposal of the garbage has been done.
below are some of the waste disposal processes:
Incineration:
This is also known as furnace operation. burning is a very effective method of waste disposal. do it generate air pollution and greenhouse gases. In this process the waist is Bond inside a properly designed furnace under controlled conditions. to control the fly ash the exhausted gaseous byproducts, high tech bag filters, catalytic converters, electrostatic precipitators are attached with these furnaces.
Composting:
is a biological process in which the organic portion of the refuse is allowed to decompose under careful control condition. Different kinds of bacteria and microbes are the organic waste material to decompose. It is known as humus.
Sorting and shredding:
Decomposable materials interviews are isolated from the other materials like glass metal inorganic items through sorting and separating processes. carried out through the sheaves And other physical characteristics. pulverizing is the process by which the sizes of the best article reducers resulting in a uniform mass of material is done by hammer mill and rotary shredders.
Digesting and processing:
Pulverized and shredded West is now ready for composting. depending on master conditions it may take 5-8 weeks for complete digestion of the waste.
Sanitary landfill:
Land disposal is the most common management strategy for the municipal solid waste This process is good for the refuse type of waste as it decomposes and gets mixed with the land. but the landfill site must be carefully selected. one of the most important factors related to land filling is that the buried waste never comes in contact with the surface for groundwater. Therefore the landfills are required to have an impermeable liner or barrier at the bottom as well as a system of groundwater monitoring system.
In the universe where appropriate sites-available sanitary landfills are the most economical option for disposal of non non recyclable refuse. However, it is becoming increasingly difficult to find landfill sides with adequate capacity accessibility and environmental conditions. it is not possible to recycle all the waste there will always be some deciduous from the treatment processes that will eventually require disposable grounds. On the other hand, land filled with refuse can actually improve the poor quality of the land.
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